S

States in Nigeria by Ecological Zone
S/N Ecological Zone State LGAs 1 Sahel Savanna Yobe All LGAs Except Gulani, Gujba, Jakusko and Damaturu that are under Sudan Savanna 2 Borno All LGAs Except Shani, Hawul, Bayo, Biu, Kwayakusar, ...
Seed Cleaning and Preparation - TGx 1951-3F
· Soybean seeds easily lose their viability. · It is common for soybeans, even when stored properly, not to germinate after 12 –15 months in ...
Site Selection - SAMMAZ 63
· Maize is more extensively distributed globally than any other cereal crop because it adapts to a wide range of climates. · It needs a lot ...
Seed Treatment - SAMMAZ 63
Treat maize seeds before planting using recommended dressing chemicals in order to protect them against soil borne pests, diseases and bird attack before and after ...
Spacing and Planting - SAMMAZ 63
Plant at a spacing of 75cm x 50cm when two plants per stand or 75 x 25cm when one plant per stand is adopted. ...
Site Selection - FARO 67
· Rice can be grown practically on all types of soil, sandy loams to heavy clays · A heavy soil, slightly acidic to neutral ...
Site Selection - FARO 67
· Rice can be grown practically on all types of soil, sandy loams to heavy clays · A heavy soil, slightly acidic to neutral (PH ...
Seed Management and Priming
· Seed treatment protects the crop from seed borne diseases and insects as well as gives better germination. · Chemical treatment should be undertaken with ...
Soil Health Management - FARO 67
· Integrated nutrient management is the management of both organic and inorganic plant nutrients for optimal rice production while conserving the natural resource base essential ...
Site Selection - SAMPEA 20T
A well-drained sandy loam soil is suitable for rainfed cowpea cultivation, while inland depressions or areas along lake shores can be utilized for dry season ...
Site Selection - SAMPEA 20T
For cowpea cultivation in the Nigerian Sudan savannah region, the well-drained sandy loam soils typical of this area are ideal for rainfed production, while the ...
Seed Preparation - SAMPEA 20T
Select seeds that are of good quality, without any damage, holes, or wrinkles. Well-stored seeds kept under optimal conditions will exhibit good germination rates. Farmers ...
Seed Treatment - SAMPEA 20T
Treat the cowpea seeds with Apron XL® at a rate of 10 grams per 4-5 kilograms of seeds (one sachet), which will enhance good germination ...
Site Selection - TGx 1951-3F
· A flat or moderately sloppy land with good drainage, · Avoid deep sandy or extremely gravel soil or waterlogged soils. Avoid heavy texture soil ...
Soybean Germination Test - TGx 1951-3F
v Test seeds for germination before planting. v The germination rate should be 85% or more to obtain a good stand. To conduct a quick ...
Seed Rate - TGx 1951-3F
v About 50–70 kg (20–28 standard mudus) are required to obtain a population of 400,000 plants/ha under the spacing of 5cm X 50cm intra and ...
Seed Treatment - TGx 1951-3F
Treat seeds with fungicides, such as Captan, Apron Plus, or Thiram, at the rate of 1 sachet/8 kg of seeds before planting for protection against ...
Soil Health Management - TGx 1951-3F
· A good fertilizer recommendation for soybean production depends on a good soil test. Under normal conditions, soybean as a legume should provide itself with ...
Soil Health Management - TGx 1951-3F
· A good fertilizer recommendation for soybean production depends on a good soil test. Under normal conditions, soybean as a legume should provide itself with ...
Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiency - TGx 1951-3F
(i) Nitrogen Deficiency: Leaves become pale green with a yellowish tinge; later the entire leaves become distinctly yellow; deficiency symptom usually appears first on leaves ...
Site Selection - Tylka
Tomato requires a Temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius, It also requires a rainfall of 500-1200mm per annum and it grows best in well-structured soil but ...
Seed Treatment - Tylka
· Treat seeds before planting using recommended dressing chemicals to protect them against soil-borne pests, diseases, and animal attacks before germination. Recommended chemicals for treating ...
Staking - Tylka
Tomato seedlings are usually staked at the peak of the rainy season and this is done using canes that are at least 1m high, preferably ...
Site Selection - SAMMAZ 40
· Maize is more extensively distributed globally than any other cereal crop because it adapts to a wide range of climates. · It needs ...
Site Selection - SAMMAZ 40
· Maize is more extensively distributed globally than any other cereal crop because it adapts to a wide range of climates. · It needs a ...
Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiency - SAMMAZ 63
· Nitrogen Deficiency: Leaves yellow; older leaves dying at tips and progressively along mid-vein; stalks slender; stunting. · Phosphorus Deficiency: Leaves turn purplish during early growth; ...
Seed Treatment - SAMMAZ 48
· Treat maize seeds before planting using recommended dressing chemicals in order to protect them against soil borne pests, diseases and bird attack before and ...
Spacing and Planting - SAMMAZ 48
Plant at spacing of 75cm x 50cm when two plants per stand or 75 x 25cm when one plant per stand is adopted. Seed rate · ...
Spacing and Planting - SAMMAZ 48
Plant at spacing of 75cm x 50cm when two plants per stand or 75 x 25cm when one plant per stand is adopted. ...
Seed Rate - SAMMAZ 48
Seed rate · About 15 to 20kg of maize seeds are required to plant a hectare which is about 2½acre. Plant 3 seeds per hole, later ...
Soil Health Management - SAMMAZ 48
Soil management v It is important to return crop residues of the previous year into soil where maize is to be planted. Maize do not ...
Soil Health Management - SAMMAZ 48
Soil management v It is important to return crop residues of the previous year into soil where maize is to be planted. Maize do not ...
Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiency - SAMMAZ 48
(i) Nitrogen Deficiency: Leaves yellow; older leaves dying at tips and progressively along mid-vein; stalks slender; stunting. (ii) Phosphorus Deficiency: Leaves turn purplish during ...
Site Selection - SC-SL01
· Soybean growth is influenced by climate and soil characteristics. Soybean performs well in the southern and northern Guinea savannas of Nigeria where rainfall is ...
Seed Cleaning and Preparation - SC-SL01
· Soybean seeds easily lose their viability. · It is common for soybean, even when stored properly, not to germinate after 12 –15 months in ...
Soybean Germination Test - SC-SL01
· Test seeds for germination before planting. · The germination rate should be 85% or more to obtain a good stand. To conduct a quick ...
Seed Rate - SC-SL01
v · About 50–70 kg (20–28 standard mudus) are required to obtain a population of 444,444 plants/ha for soybean varieties. · Since soybean seed size varies ...
Seed Rate - SC-SL01
About 50–70 kg (20–28 standard mudus) are required to obtain a population of 444,444 plants/ha for soybean varieties. Since soybean seed size varies among varieties, it ...
Seed Treatment - SC-SL01
Treat seeds with fungicides, such as Captan, Apron Plus, or Thiram, at the rate of 1 sachet/8 kg of seeds before planting for protection against ...
Soil Health Management - SC-SL01
· A good fertilizer recommendation for soybean production depends on a good soil test. Under normal conditions, soybean as a legume should provide itself with ...
Site Selection - Chibli - Sudan Savanna
Tomato requires a Temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius, It also requires a rainfall of 500-1200mm per annum and it grows best in well-structured soil but ...
system of goat rearing
1. Extensive System (Free-Range or Traditional System) Description: Goats roam freely and graze on natural pastures, crop residues, roadsides, or fallow lands. Common in rural areas with low-input, ...
sheep breeds
Breed Name Physical Characteristics Adaptability Main Location/Region Special Notes West African Dwarf (WAD) Small size, short legs, mostly white or black, sometimes spotted High disease resistance, humid areas Southern Nigeria Good for humid, tsetse ...
sheep system of rearing
Extensive System (Traditional/Free Range) Feature Details Feeding Sheep graze freely on natural pastures and crop residues Housing Minimal or no shelter; open fields or simple enclosures Labor Low; often managed by herders or ...
sheep housing
Sheep Housing Requirements Feature Description Location Elevated, well-drained site, away from stagnant water and wind Ventilation Good airflow is essential to reduce heat and ammonia buildup Roofing Leak-proof and made of local or ...
sheep feeding
Major Feed Types for Sheep Feed Category Examples Nutritional Role Roughages (Forages) Grasses (Elephant grass, Guinea grass), legumes, hay, crop residues Energy, fiber, rumen function Concentrates Maize, sorghum, wheat bran, groundnut cake, cottonseed ...
sheep breeding management
Types of Breeding Type Description Natural Mating Most common; ewes and rams mate during heat cycle Artificial Insemination (AI) Not widely practiced in Nigeria; requires technical expertise and semen storage Controlled Breeding Mating ...
sheep diseases and management
Disease Cause Signs/Symptoms Management/Prevention Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus Fever, nasal discharge, diarrhea, sores in mouth, high mortality Vaccinate annually, isolate infected animals, good hygiene Foot rot Bacterial (Fusobacterium, Dichelobacter) Lameness, foul-smelling discharge between ...
snail breeds
Species in Nigeria Achatina achatina (Giant Ghana Snail) Archachatina marginata (Giant West African Snail) Achatina fulica (East African Land Snail) ...
snail housing
Snail Housing Systems Hutch Boxes: Elevated, wooden boxes with wire mesh Trench Pens: Dugout pens lined with bricks and netted cover Mini Paddock: Net-covered concrete-floored enclosures Free-Range Pen: Large ...
snail feed and feeding
Feeding and Nutrition Feed types include: Green vegetables: pawpaw leaves, cocoyam leaves, waterleaf, lettuce Fruits: pawpaw, banana, mango Tubers: sweet potato, yam peelings Supplements: calcium (from limestone, egg shell, or ...
snail breeding
Breeding and Reproduction Snails mate and lay eggs during rainy or moist seasons Eggs are laid in soil; incubation lasts 21–32 days After hatching, juveniles are moved to ...
snail disease management
Disease / Condition Symptoms Causes Management / Control Shell Breakage Cracks or holes in the shell, poor movement Calcium deficiency, rough handling, poor housing Provide calcium-rich diet (e.g., limestone, eggshell), handle with ...